>>23 Thanks for your opinion. I'm almost certain that you're a native speaker of American English. The phrase "I don't wanna be debbie downer" is very American. I actually had to google about it.
>>1 Hi, Jesse. Welcome aboard! So you're a Caucasian American nicknamed "Jesse." I had thought it was a male-only name. But you said you're a woman. I said to myself, "What?!" So I googled the name and found that it was a name for men and women as well.
The poster at >>2 was actually asking you what kind of hyphenated American you are. I mean, are you Italian-American, Swedish-American, German-American, or what? If you prefer not to specify, then you have the right to remain silent. Anything you say here on 2-channel may be used against you in court or in front of Darth Vader.
As a nonnative English speaker, I welcome you warmly because we learners of English are in dire need of instructive inputs on the English language and the cultures of the English-speaking world from native speakers like you.
Anything you may say here will be very useful to us. I hope you'll enjoy being with us, as much as we enjoy being with you.
Looks like the original poster has vanished into thin air or is temporarily busy elsewhere.
If you guys are interested, I would like the rest of us to talk to one another until Jesse makes her glorious comeback.
I hope this thread will become a platform somewhat different from "Chat in English," where people talk mainly about sex (especially gay sex), food, and politics (especially atomic bombs, xenophobic ideas, and anti-Korean sentiments). The problem is, what do we have in common? What are some of the things that interest all of us? Are you, for example, interested in novels and movies?
>>36 You just called yourselves "foreigners." I thought the word offended all non-Japanese. Doesn't it offend you? In any case, some people from abroad do seem to dislike the word anyway. To avoid hurting anybody's feelings, I usually use either of the following, depending on the case:
(1) a non-Japanese, two non-Japanese (2) a person or people from abroad (OR from outside Japan) (3) international students (if they are students) (4) tourists from abroad (OR from outside Japan)
What words or phrases would you suggest we should use? Thanks.
>>37 It depends on the person, but from how I feel I'll leave you with this:
If you know the person's nationality, you can usually say it. "Foreigner" isn't offensive if it's said in English. If it's said in Japanese, then it feels somewhat offensive to use to a stranger.
>>38 Thanks for your input. I know that if I know a specific person's nationality, naturally I'll call them with an adjective denoting their nationality.
The problem is, what is the safest way to call a person or a group of persons from abroad whose nationality or nationalities you don't know? Do the phrases in (1) through (4) at >>37 work? Are they idiomatic?
I often have to translate official documents and translate what Japanese people refer to as "外国人" into English. And they never let me know what their nationalities are. I don't want to use the word "foreigner(s)" for fear that the word may offend some, if not all.
Okay, then, let me write a bit if nobody has time to pitch in. Even if no one reads what I have to say, I will talk to myself anyway.
About six months ago or so, I read "Romeo and Juliet" in the original. As just another Japanese, I naturally found it hard. But I tackled it anyway. I'd always thought it totally indispensable for serious learners of English to try Shakespeare in the original. Everybody knows why. Shakespeare, together with the King James Version of the Bible, constitutes a vital part of the English-speaking culture.
Okay, then, why R&J, why not "Hamlet" or "The Merchant of Venice" or "Macbeth"? Well, I think I'll tackle all other works of Shakespeare in the end, but I thought that it was a good idea for an almost absolute beginner of Shakespeare to begin with R&J. Why? I found that it had a plot most accessible to beginners. It's simple: it's well understandable even to junior high students. The plot basically revolves around Romeo and Juliet, falling in love despite the outrageous rivalry between their respective families. Desperate, they kill themselves in the end. That's about it. It's not as complex as "Hamlet," "Macbeth," or other works, most of which center around adult themes. (to be continued)
Continued from >>42 When reading literature, I don't care too much about its plot. If I did take any interest in plot, then I would start reading detective novels, sci-fi, or other best-selling novels. Instead, what I care more about is the rhythm and the beauty of the language used in the literature. I love language because of its musicality. I personally believe that there is nothing new under the sun. No novel can present anything new. Nothing a human can ever conceive is new enough. Even if any story really is complex and interest, so what? That's what I say. Instead, it's the melody of the language that matters -- well, at least to me.
Before tackling R&J, I had read "Hamlet" in the original. But I read it through only in a casual way, I mean, without consulting commentary books or dictionaries or grammar books designed for readers of documents dating back to the Elizabethan era. Ah yes, I did consult the OED and a few notes on the play but only quickly, not very carefully. So I only got a rough idea of the play.
But this time, with R&J, it was different. I read it rather seriously. I don't know how long I spent reading it, perhaps one or two months. For about two to three hours each day, maybe. I constantly consulted elaborate dictionaries and a grammar book designed for readers of documents dating back to ancient times. I had close at hand the famous Alexander Schmidt Shakespeare Lexicon, the well-known Abbot grammar book for Shakespeare readers, the Onions Shakespeare glossary, David Crystal's Shakespeare dictionary ("Shakespeare's Words"), Gordon Williams' Shakespeare's Sexual Language, the Arden Shakespeare R&J (an annotated R&J), and the Cambridge annotated R&J. Besides all those, I also had at hand the whole series of the Arden Shakespeare books. (to be continued on Part 3)
Why did I need all that? Well, when reading even a single play, I thought it was vital for me to read the very long notes of the Arden Shakespeare R&J. And, while reading it, I found lots of cross references to many other plays of the Bard of Avon. Naturally I was tempted to follow all those cross references, which guided me to most of the other plays by the Poet. And of course, I had to consult the Elizabethan English grammar (at least a few pages of it, if not all) and naturally I also had to consult the Alexander Schmidt dictionary, the OED, and other dictionaries as well.
So I was terribly busy. I thought that R&J was the most accessible to beginners like me of all the Bard's works. But still, it was hard enough for me. Despite all my pains, however, my study of the play was quite rewarding. R&J reportedly contains the most sexual allusions of all his works. That aspect attracted me a lot too. R&J is beautiful, full of both high-brow poetry and rather vulgar sexual and toilet allusions, and very funny too. I wish I could recite the whole play.
I won't stop at R&J either. I will read many other plays by the Poet too, if possible, all of them. I wish that, in reading and appreciating the Bard, I would some day in the distant future be able to emulate some of his brilliant musicality in language and start writing some poetry myself -- in English too. I suspect that before I can attain that level, the time will come for me to pass away, though. The path is way too long.
>>45 Yes, I'd like to try them both some day. But there's a long way for me go to before I can arrive there. Naturally I've once tried reading some passages of The Canterbury Tales in the original and read Beowulf through in its modern English translation.
I'm afraid that at that time at least, twenty years ago or so, I was not yet ready to appreciate them. I'll try them again one day, at least Chaucer in the original. But Beowulf? I've once tried studying it, but Old English grammar is too complicated to master. Yes, it may not be much more complicated than modern French, but still it's hard enough, especially because Old English doesn't attract me as much as modern French. Modern French is used everywhere in the world, while Old English is rarely found anywhere. It's almost useless, so that it's rather hard for me to keep motivating myself enough to keep studying it until I master at least its basic grammar. If I were still young and at school, I'd find a lot easier to spur myself on to do all that. But now, it's really hard.
But then again, I also know that Old English, as well as modern German and Old High German, as well as all the other Germanic languages, especially ancient ones, proves very important when you want to have a profound understanding of English. I love the comparative linguistics of Indo-European languages, although I've never got formal education in the field. All I've ever done in that field is reading this book and that and reading the etymological descriptions of this word and that. In any case, I wish I knew more of ancient languages, including Latin, Greek, and Old English.
Okay, then, let me try reading a few lines of "The Canterbury Tales." I've just hand-copied the following passage, together with some of the notes given in my annotated version of "The Canterbury Tales." Middle English is much more removed from modern English than Shakespeare but it's still not completely unintelligible. It looks a lot easier than Old English. But still, I'm positive that it will take me a long, long time to learn to appreciate Chaucer. But so far, so good. Although I don't understand it very well, I find his rhythm beautiful.
Fragment I (Group A) GENERAL PROLOGUE Here begynneth the book of the Tales of Canterbury
WHAN that Aprill with his shoures soote --- soote = sweet The droughte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour; 5 Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth -- eek = also? Inspired hath in every holt and heeth --- inspired = quickened? holt = wood? (cf. German Holz = wood) The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne --- croppes = shoots? Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, --- foweles = birds 10 That slepen al the nyght with open ye (So slepeth hem nature in hir corages); --- priketh = incites? corages = hearts? Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes, To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; 15 And specially from every shires ende Of Engelond to Canterbury they wende, --- wende = go The hooly blisful martir for to seke, --- blisful = blessed? seke = visit? That hem hath holpen whan that they were --- holpen = helped seeke. --- seeke = sick Bilful that in that seson on a day, 20 In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay --- lay = stayed? Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage To Canterbury with ful devout corage,
>>48 lines 3-4 And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
[Translation of the above by Everyman's Library] And bathed every sap-vessel in moisture, by virtue of which the flower is produced.
lines 7-8 the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne,
[Translation by Everyman's Library] The young sun (i.e. the sun at the beginning of its annual journey) has completed the second half of its course in the Ram.
>>48 These 22 lines from The Prologue of "The Canterbury Tales" is read aloud in its original pronunciation on YouTube:
(1) How to Pronounce the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales in Middle English Slow to Fast! (about 7 minutes) --- This video demonstrates very slowly how to pronounce each word in its original pronunciation. Very helpful to those who want to actually practice the pronunciation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXMypzdWxsc
(2) Chaucer, The General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, read aloud in Middle English. (about 1 minute) -- This is a very beautiful recitation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lGJntNFFqo
The above dictionary entry says that this word "eek" means "also." It also indicates that the word resembles the Gothic word "●auk." It is also quite similar to the Modern German word "auch" (also). This is very interesting.
That, is an idiom. Idioms are phrases or Sentences that crop up in a culture. This Means that how the phrase is said will Differ from place to place and there is No real way of saying what's grammatically Correct, of at least in this example. This means we can only answer what is Correct in street or vernacular English, And in this example, both are.
Fuck, thus is getting into strange territory. By all logic it should be fine, But the world is not a logical place.you Could skirt around the issue by saying Something like "people from other Countries". Adapting that to whatever role You feel is right.
This was probably written in the 12th century, i.e. about 200 years older than the Canterbury Tales. The following text is a part of a story in the anthology. I'm not well versed in classical Japanese literature, but I understand most of it without annotation. I think most educated Japanese people understand it as well.
>>39 We have a saying in English: "You can please some of the people some of the time; but you can't please all of the people all of the time."
The only one I find a bit odd is (4), I'd honestly just say tourist.
If my previous post didn't make sense, calling somebody a foreigner in English is pretty much okay. But if you say ガイジン、 then it feels a bit wrong. It's the pronunciation, not the meaning.
>>42 I usually only read the threads in the mornings here, which is around 10-11 pm there. As >>59 commented, you're quite well read. I studied Middle-English for a bit for fun, the only thing I read was The Greene Knight though.
>>61 >>The only one I find a bit odd is (4), I'd honestly just say tourist.
Thank you for your input. The reason I wrote "tourists from abroad (OR from outside Japan)" as an option is that there are Japanese people living in Japan who are on a trip inside Japan. If you call anybody a "tourist," doesn't that concept include "a Japanese on a trip inside Japan"?
That's the problem. Of course, when you're just having a casual conversation, you don't have to worry about that kind of thing. The problem arises when you have to translate official and business documents, where they often mention 外国人 as a group of non-Japanese residents and tourists.
Dreas let me know in one of his posts that it's a good idea to call them "people from other countries." Yes, I consider that as an option. But in a long document, people would wish to use a variety of synonyms to avoid being monotonous. I'd like to know as many different words or strings of words to mean "foreigners" as possible.
In any case, you told me that it's quite all right to call them "foreigners." That's reassuring to know. Thanks for your valuable input again.
>>48 lines 7-8 The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his half cours ★yronne★,
The word "yronne" looks interesting. If I understand correctly, the prefix "y-" is a corrupt form of "ge-", which is the prefix often used in modern and ancient German to form the past participle of a verb. Whenever I see this "y-" prefix used in any text, I say to myself, "Oh, this is beautiful. So the passage must be from a Chaucer or other Middle English text."
Since I don't have a Middle English Dictionary at hand, I've just searched the OED for "yronne". The quintessential dictionary says that it is the past participle of the verb which means "run."
The word "run" comes from Old English "rinnan." And this "rinnan" (the infinitive form) changed to "ronne" in Middle English (there is a document that uses the form in the 16th century at least). This infinitive also changed to "run", just like in modern English, in the 16th century.
Then the past participle of the verb "rinnan" changed to "yronne" in Middle English. This kind of information never tires me. The OED is my beloved. I wish I could ever get to know her through and through. But I know it's completely impossible. The world of knowledge is just vast -- vast.
And look at this verb "maken". Don't you guys think this verb looks beautiful? This is exactly like the modern German verb "machen". The OED says the verb "to make" took the forms of macan, macian, and makian in Old English. The etymology section of the OED goes on to say that the verb is cognate to the following:
Old Frisian makia, Middle Dutch ★maken★ (Dutch ★maken★), Old Saxon makon (Middle Low German maken), Old High German mahhon (Middle High German ●machen●, German ●machen●); (Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, June 2000)
>>48 line 16 Of Engelond to Canterbury they ●wende●,
The verb "wende" here is also interesting. Contemporary English does have the word "wend." The OED says the verb "wend" comes from the Old English "wendan". Its past tense and past participle forms were "went" in Middle English. And these forms "went" were then used as the past and the past participle forms of the verb "go."
That's why modern English has this inflection pattern: "go - went - went." This is another thing I've learned today. On the other hand, the original word inflection pattern "wend - went - went" then had to change itself to: "wend - wended - wended" to avoid conflicting with the pattern "go - went - went."
>>59 I'm not that well-read. Most high-school students learn about the anthology. My point was that the language is not so much different from modern Japanese.
The dictionary also says that one Saxon form of "whan" was "whanne." So "whanne" and "thanne" rhyme. That's good. It's just like in their modern English counterparts (when and then), which rhyme.
Anyway, as indicated at the beginning of this post, lines 1 and 5 begin with "Whan", which is responded to by "thanne" in line 10. Here, the basic plot is along these lines: WHEN such and such a season comes, THEN lots of people feel tempted to go to pilgrimages.
>>66 Talking about the slight differences between the ancient and the modern forms of a language, I once read through a modern (ancient) Icelandic grammar very quickly. I read it through but it was rather like scanning it, without trying to memorize the grammatical rules or words taught in it. Still it was quite clear to me that modern and ancient Icelandic are almost identical (Old Icelandic dates back to a millennium ago, if I remember correctly). The grammatical rules are almost the same, for one thing. For another, the forms of the words are also almost identical.
For example, suppose the Old Icelandic word meaning "word" is "woooorrrddde" (I'm just making it up). Modern Icelandic is something like "woooorrrddd". The only difference between them is the absence of the "e" in the modern Icelandic equivalent. Every word and every grammatical rule were the same way. There's not a single major difference in any element of the language. It's really amazing how conservative Icelandic people have been all these years (maybe for more than a millennium), consciously or unconsciously refusing to let their language change as did the English and the Japanese.
>>48 11 (So slepeth hem nature in hir ●corages●); 22 To Canterbury with ful devout ●corage●,
In the above lines, the word "corage(s)" is used twice. It is used to mean "spirit(s)" or "heart(s)" unlike in modern English. Etymological dictionaries say that the use of this word in the sense of "heart" and "spirit" comes from Old French usage. This Francophonic usage of the word "corage" is just one of numerous cases where Norman French-derived words are widely used in the English of old times, more widely than in today's English. When reading Shakespeare and other old literature, I very frequently find the prevalent usage of French-derived words.
Old literature also seems to contain more Germanic-derived words than today's English. Shown below are some examples:
6 Inspired hath in every ●holt and heeth 9 And smale foweles ●maken● melodye, 18 That hem hath ★holpen★ whan that they were
Note, in particular, the word "holpen." It is the past participle of the verb "helpen" (or "help" in modern English). The infinitive form "helpen" is similar to modern German "helfen", while the p.p. form "holpen" is similar to German "geholfen". I'm not familiar with Dutch, but I think their Dutch equivalents are even more similar, or in some cases, completely identical.
In this way, English in the old days (say, during the days of Shakespeare or Chaucer) contained more Germanic-derived words and Norman French-derived words than today's English. If that is so, I feel more tempted to study a little more (if not much more) of Old English, German, and other Germanic languages, especially ancient ones.
Continued from >>76 For the word "holpen," let me say a few more words. The Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) equivalent of "to help" was "helpan." Here's a list of the inflected forms of the verb in OE and its relatives.
line 12 --- Thanne longen folk to ●goon● on pilgrimages, (I guess this means "Then people long to go on pilgrimages.")
line 78 --- And [he] wente for to ●doon● his pilgrymage. (I guess this means "And he went to do his pilgrimage.")
The word "goon" in line 12 should mean "to go." It is similar in form to German "gehen." German: gehen - ging - gegangen OE: gan - ??? - ??? (I don't know.) ME: gon - ??? - ???
The word "doon" in line 78 should mean "to do." It is similar in form to German "tun." German: tun - tat - getat OE: don - dyde - gedon ME: don - ???
WRONG: German: tun - tat - getat CORRECT: German: tun - tat - ★getan★
By the way, the more I work on the English in the old days, the more keenly I feel the importance of a knowledge of German (and other Germanic languages) and Russian (and other Slavic languages). I'm rather familiar with Romance languages (especially French) but that's definitely not enough when trying to explore the historical development of the English language.
I'm sorry. Even though you said it was for documents I still didn't process it. Reevaluating your question, there's no harm in saying "tourists from abroad" when it is in writing.
WARNING: This is a very, very long post. If you (臭い米国人) or any other person feels discouraged to read it, please just ignore my post. No one is obliged to read or respond to it. Thank you.
Good. Those sound idiomatic. Thanks for your input. The problem (people may say, "Not again!") is that in some contexts, I have to specify those non-natives are people not native to Japan, rather than to any other country. If you are writing a document as a Japanese governmental agency, and if you say "nonnatives," then of course it means "people who are not Japanese."
But in some cases, we may see a document that doesn't specify who is writing it. But still the document says something along the lines of "★外国人★の方は〜してください" (which literally means "Foreigners are requested to do such and such a thing." Since the document is written in Japanese, readers assume that this word "外国人" (foreigners) means "people who are not Japanese."
But what if we translate it into English? Can we leave it at something like "★Foreigners★ are requested to do such and such a thing"? Remember that the document does not specify who is writing it. In that case, readers will wonder, "Who are they referring to as 'foreigners' here?" If the document happens to be in Japan, then the document is most probably understood to refer to "people who are not Japanese." But what if the document is distributed among many different countries -- and by the management of a company run by Japanese? The author of the document, who is probably writing under the name of the company's president, probably assumes that what they mean by 外国人 (foreigners) here is "people who are not Japanese."
So, when the document happens to be read in, for example, Tanzania, and if it has been authored by a company run by a Japanese, then the original phrase "外国人" (foreigners) should (if I understand it correctly) be translated as "non-Japanese." That's why I am obliged to translate "外国人" which Japanese people often use for business purposes (especially for purposes of circulation outside Japan) into "non-Japanese." The phrase "non-Japanese" may sound clumsy to native English speakers. I know that in many contexts, options (1) through (4) that you (臭い米国人) listed above sound much better and idiomatic . But the problem is that these contexts may change. You never know in which countries and in which contexts the document you are translating now may be used in the future.
Now, in conclusion, my question is, does "non-Japanese" in such contexts still sound un-idiomatic? What about "non-Japanese students, non-Japanese tourists, non-Japanese visitors, non-Japanese workers," and so on?
And what about "workers, products, etc. from outside Japan"? This phrase "outside Japan" cannot be rejected altogether because some Japanese companies do request us translators to use although it may sound a bit funny. If you're in Japan, then the phrase "overseas" naturally refers to "somewhere outside Japan." But what if it happens to be in Tanzania or the Netherlands? In that case, the phrase "overseas" is understood to mean "outside Tanzania or the Netherlands." But the author of the document in Japanese assumes that the phrase "海外" is understood as "outside Japan." In that case, I am obliged to use the phrase "outside Japan" even though it may sound a bit un-idiomatic in many contexts.